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Penetration Testing Report (iOS Application)

Executive Summary​

EBT Instructor Penetration Testing OverviewMulti-panel illustration summarizing architecture coverage, attack surface flows, and testing timeline for the EBT Instructor iOS penetration test.EBT Instructor Penetration Test CoverageArchitecture footprint, threat entry points, and execution timeline for the October 2025 assessment.ARCHITECTURE COVERAGEATTACK SURFACE & CONTROLSTEST EXECUTION TIMELINESystems in ScopeEnd-to-end validation of the iOS client, managed APIs, identity layer, and data services.iOS ClientSwiftUI, local storage, biometric auth, MDM posture checks.API GatewayREST & GraphQL, WAF policies, throttling, mTLS to services.Identity LayerAzure AD SSO, SCIM provisioning, conditional access, MFA.Data ServicesCouchbase, Redis, Blob storage, third-party data feeds, secrets vault.Threat Entry Points vs ControlsKey ingress paths exercised during testing and the layered defenses verified.External ActorsAttackers, rogue apps, misused credsEntry PointsMobile app, API edge, webhook ingestControls ValidatedMFA, WAF, RBAC, secrets governanceOutcomesZero criticals, controls effectiveVectors Simulated:Credential stuffing · API injection · Man-in-the-middle · Jailbreak tamperingControls Confirmed:Conditional Access · TLS pinning · Schema validation · Secrets rotation · SIEM alertingExecution TimelineSequential phases, leads, and tooling across the 19-day engagement.7–10 OctPlanning & Threat Modeling11–18 OctMobile & API Exploitation19–22 OctInfrastructure & Secrets Review23–25 OctRemediation Validation & ReportingSecurity Test LeadEngagement owner, CVSS scoring, stakeholder commsMobile Security SMEReverse engineering, runtime tampering, jailbreak labCloud Security ArchitectTerraform review, secrets governance, DR validationProduct OwnerRisk alignment, remediation prioritization, approvalRefer to the penetration testing report for detailed findings, CVSS scores, and remediation commitments.

Between 7–25 October 2025, the Information Security team conducted a full-scope penetration test of the EBT Instructor iOS ecosystem. Testing covered the Swift-based mobile client, Aero EBT managed APIs, Azure AD federation, data persistence services, and supporting DevOps tooling. The assessment followed OWASP MASVS-L2, OWASP API Security Top 10, and NIST SP 800-115 methodologies. No critical exploitable issues remain. One high-severity vulnerability was identified and remediated during testing; medium and low issues are triaged with planned fixes inside the next release cycle.

Test Scope and Assets​

  • Mobile client: EBT Instructor iOS (build 3.12.0, bundle com.aeroebt.instructor).
  • API gateway: Azure API Management fronting REST and GraphQL services hosted in the Aero EBT managed cloud.
  • Authentication: Azure AD B2E tenant with SCIM provisioning and conditional access.
  • Data services: Couchbase cluster, Redis cache, Azure Blob storage for attachments.
  • DevOps: GitHub Actions pipelines, SAST/DAST integrations, Terraform infrastructure definitions.
  • Third-party integrations: Jeppesen data feed, Lido backup feed, SendGrid transactional email, Firebase Cloud Messaging.

Out-of-scope items: Android clients (under development), legacy SOAP integrations retired in Q2 2025, airline-specific network segments.

Methodology​

  • Reconnaissance: Asset inventory validation, threat modeling refresh, dark web credential harvesting review.
  • Static analysis: Decompilation with Hopper, otool, and MobSF to review binary hardening, keychain usage, ATS policy, and URL schemes.
  • Dynamic analysis: Burp Suite Pro with TLS interception, Frida scripts for runtime tampering, Jailbroken device testing (iOS 17.6).
  • API testing: Automated fuzzing with OWASP ZAP, custom Python harness for GraphQL introspection, replay of common OWASP API Top 10 patterns.
  • Authentication: Credential stuffing simulations, MFA bypass attempts, OAuth/OpenID misconfiguration testing, SCIM provisioning abuse scenarios.
  • Infrastructure: Terraform plan review, container image scanning (Trivy), Kubernetes configuration baselines, secrets management validation.
  • Reporting: CVSS v3.1 scoring, MITRE ATT&CK mapping, remediation confirmation.

Testing Timeline and Team​

Date RangeActivityParticipants
7–10 OctPlanning, scope confirmation, credentials exchangeSecurity Test Lead, IT Security Manager
11–18 OctMobile static/dynamic analysis, API fuzzingMobile Security SME, API Security Analyst
19–22 OctInfrastructure, DevOps, secrets management reviewCloud Security Architect, DevOps Lead
23–25 OctRetesting, remediation validation, reportingSecurity Test Lead, Product Owner

Summary of Findings​

SeverityCountStatus
Critical0—
High1Remediated during test window
Medium3Fixes scheduled (tracked in Jira SEC-1421, SEC-1424, SEC-1426)
Low5Documented with compensating controls
Informational7Improvement recommendations

Detailed Results by Technology​

1. iOS Application (Mobile Client)​

Highlights

  • All binaries are compiled with bitcode disabled per policy, PIE and stack canaries enabled, and ASLR effective on target devices.
  • ATS enforces TLS 1.2+ with pinned public keys for the production gateway.

Findings

  1. High – Insecure biometric fallback logic (PT-EBT-IOS-001)
    • Description: Local authentication allowed passcode fallback without enforcing MDM policy after five failed Face ID attempts.
    • Risk: Potential offline access on lost/stolen device if MDM profile not promptly wiped.
    • Remediation: Updated to require device compliance callback before passcode fallback; retested 24 Oct—resolved.
  2. Medium – Custom URL scheme exposure (PT-EBT-IOS-004)
    • Description: aeroebt://callback accepted unauthenticated deep links. Exploitable only with unlocked device.
    • Mitigation: Added signed state token validation. Patch slated for iOS build 3.12.1.
  3. Low – Keychain item kSecAttrAccessibleAfterFirstUnlock usage (PT-EBT-IOS-006)
    • Recommendation: Migrate to kSecAttrAccessibleWhenPasscodeSetThisDeviceOnly; tracked for Q4 security sprint.

2. API Gateway and Core Endpoints​

Endpoint / ResourceTests PerformedResult
POST /api/v1/auth/loginCredential stuffing (10k set), OAuth PKCE downgrade, MFA bypass simulationMFA enforced; rate limiting triggered after 30 attempts; no bypass
POST /api/v1/auth/token/refreshToken replay, audience/issuer tamperingInvalid audience rejected; refresh tokens single-use as expected
GET /api/v1/instructors/:idIDOR, RBAC bypass, GraphQL introspectionRole checks enforced; GraphQL introspection disabled in production
PUT /api/v1/briefings/:idMass assignment, improper content-type, JSON batchingContent-type strictly enforced; mass assignment blocked by schema validation
POST /graphqlQuery depth limiting, batched alias attacksDepth limit set to 8; alias abuse throttled; 429 returned

Findings

  • Medium – Verbose error leakage (PT-EBT-API-011): Gateway returned stack identifiers for invalid GraphQL queries. Masking deployed 22 Oct.
  • Low – Rate-limit inconsistency (PT-EBT-API-014): /api/v1/attachments/upload permit 120 req/min vs. policy 60. Adjustment in backlog.
  • Informational – JWT alg header: Accepts only RS256; logged verification confirmed.

3. Authentication and Federation (Azure AD)​

  • Conditional access policies enforced compliant device and MFA.
  • SCIM provisioning operates with least privilege service principal.

Findings

  • Medium – Misconfigured group-based role mapping (PT-EBT-ID-003): Legacy group EBT-Instructors-Archive still mapped to admin role. Mapping removed and audited.
  • Informational – Token lifetime defaults: Access token lifetime 60 minutes meets policy; refresh token sliding window 90 days flagged for legal review.

4. Data Storage, Secrets, and Offline Handling​

  • Couchbase buckets encrypted with customer-managed keys; audit logs reviewable via SIEM.
  • Local data store uses SQLCipher with key derived from device keychain plus server nonce.

Findings

  • Low – Backup snapshot retention (PT-EBT-DATA-005): Daily snapshot retention rolling 35 days; policy requires 45. Infra team extending retention window.
  • Informational – Secrets versioning: Azure Key Vault rotation cadence 90 days documented; automated notifications validated.

5. Infrastructure and CI/CD​

  • Terraform state stored in Azure Storage with RBAC and soft-delete.
  • GitHub Actions workflows enforce OIDC federation and require signed commits.

Findings

  • Medium – Container image with outdated OpenSSL (PT-EBT-INFRA-002): Base image alpine:3.19 contained OpenSSL 3.2.1 (CVE-2024-12345). Upgraded to 3.20 with hotfix; retest passed.
  • Low – Missing CIS benchmark documentation (PT-EBT-INFRA-006): Kubernetes audit logs exist but lacking documented review cadence. Added to operations runbook.

6. Third-Party Integrations​

  • Jeppesen API uses mutual TLS with client cert rotation every 180 days.
  • SendGrid API key scoped to mail send only; IP allow list configured.

Findings

  • Informational – Lido backup feed: Requires manual certificate rollover; recommended automation planned for Q1 2026.
  • Informational – FCM server key: Stored in Key Vault; rotated 1 Sep 2025; no action.

7. Mobile Device Management (MDM) Posture​

  • Tested with Jamf-managed fleet profile enforcing passcode, disk encryption, and jailbreak detection.
  • Compliance checks integrated with Azure AD Conditional Access.

Findings

  • Low – Delay in compliance telemetry (PT-EBT-MDM-001): Jamf compliance signal latency peaked at 6 minutes during network degradation. Monitoring thresholds adjusted; Ops reviewing network QoS.

Positive Observations​

  • Strong adoption of zero-trust principles across API gateway and identity layers.
  • Automated regression pipeline blocks insecure build artifacts before TestFlight distribution.
  • Comprehensive audit logging across mobile, API, and infrastructure tiers with SIEM correlation.
  • Timely remediation ownership; all high-severity items resolved before report close-out.

Remediation Roadmap​

ItemOwnerTarget DateStatus
Update deep-link validation (PT-EBT-IOS-004)Mobile Engineering Lead15 Nov 2025In development
Enforce WhenPasscodeSet keychain class (PT-EBT-IOS-006)Mobile Engineering Lead30 Nov 2025Planned
Adjust attachment upload throttling (PT-EBT-API-014)Backend Team22 Nov 2025Backlog
Extend backup retention to 45 days (PT-EBT-DATA-005)DevOps12 Nov 2025Scheduled
Document Kubernetes log review cadence (PT-EBT-INFRA-006)SRE Lead8 Nov 2025Completed

Recommendations​

  • Maintain quarterly penetration testing cadence with alternating internal/external teams.
  • Integrate runtime mobile protection (RASP) to complement jailbreak detection.
  • Expand chaos engineering drills to include identity provider failover scenarios.
  • Continue tightening SCIM role mappings; deprecate legacy Azure AD groups promptly.

Appendices​

A. Tooling Inventory​

  • Burp Suite Professional, OWASP ZAP, MobSF, Frida, Charles Proxy, MITMProxy, Trivy, tfsec, kube-hunter.

B. References​

  • OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard (MASVS-L2).
  • OWASP API Security Top 10 (2023).
  • NIST SP 800-115, Technical Guide to Information Security Testing.
  • MITRE ATT&CK Mobile (MOB) and Enterprise (PRE/TA0001) matrices.

C. Distribution​

This report is restricted to SkyDynamics Security, Aero EBT Product, and Airline IT leadership. Forwarding requires explicit approval from the Information Security Manager.

For questions or retest scheduling, contact the Information Security team at security@sydynamics.aero.